Lesson 03 - App Navigation🪴

Building multiple screens on Android has never been easier with the Navigation library. You’ll get to build a fun trivia app using multiple fragments and conditional navigation.

Action Bar: Appears at the top of the application screen. Contains application branding and navigation features such as the overflow menu and the application drawer button.
Navigation Drawer: A menu with a header that slides out from the side of the app.
Navigation Graph: All of the destinations — the screens that can be navigated to from a single activity are contained in this.
Overflow Menu: A drop down list of items within the Action Bar that can contain navigation destinations.
Up Button: Appears in the action bar and takes us back through previous screens the user has navigated to within the app.
The Activity layout: UI Fragments contain a layout and occupy a place within.
context: Use this property from within a Fragment to get access to string and image resources.

Fragments

Android introduced fragments in android 3.0 (API level 11) primarily to support more dynamic and flexible UI designs on large screens such as tablets.
The activity operates as a frame that contains the UI fragments and can provide UI elements that surround the fragment.
UI fragments generally operate like a view within the activity’s layout but like an activity you must create a subclass of fragment to use it this gives you a layout along with the convenient place to put UI logic the foundation of a reusable UI component.
With fragments you can pretty much treat activities as the operating system’s entry point to the app since most of your UI ends up being implemented in the fragments but the OS can only open activities.
Within an activity you tell Android which layout to use by calling setContentView() in onCreate. The activity then inflates the layout and places it correctly within the activity’s layout hierarchy.
With fragments you manually inflate and return the inflated layout within the onCreateView() method which is independent of onCreate.
Another difference since activities inherit from the context class but fragments do not. You’ll need to use the context property within a fragment to have access to app data typically associated with the context such as string and image resources.

You can navigate between different activities and between fragments in an activity.
As you navigate through activities in Android the previous activities from within the app as well as from previous apps are arranged in a stack that we call the back stack.
This back stack is ordered based upon the order in which each activity is opened so an application that has a title screen as the first screen followed by a trivia game activity would have the trivia game activity at the top of the stack. Hitting the system back key would pop the trivia game activity off the stack and return to the title screen activity and hitting it again would exit the app finishing the activity and return us to the previous app probably the launcher.
Fragments can have a similar back stack, the entire stack is contained within the activity all of this is controlled by a class called the fragment manager.
When a fragment is instantiated by the fragment manager the fragment transaction can optionally be added to the fragment back stack if our example trivia app was written using fragments and we were in the game screen the fragment back stack would contain a transaction to return us to the title screen fragment. Hitting the back key would execute this transaction effectively popping the game screen fragment off of the stack and replacing it with the title screen fragment. Hitting it again would pass the back operation through to the activity back stack finishing the activity and exiting the app.

Ultimately you can design your navigation with either an activity containing a series of fragments, a series of activities, or a combination of both techniques. For this class we’re focusing on the single activity multiple fragment model which allows you to visualize your entire apps navigation within a single graph.

Creating And Adding A Fragment

Select File→New→Fragment→Fragment (Blank). Uncheck include fragment factory methods, and include interface callbacks.
As we used DataBindingUtil.setContentView in our Activity to get the binding class from a layout, in a fragment we need to call DataBindingUtil.inflate in onCreateView with the provided layout inflater, the layout resource ID, the provided viewgroup it will be hosted by, and false to not attach it to the viewgroup. Return binding.root.

//Inflating and Returning the View with DataBindingUtil
override fun onCreateView(inflater: LayoutInflater, container: ViewGroup?,
                        savedInstanceState: Bundle?): View? {
  val binding = DataBindingUtil.inflate<FragmentTitleBinding>(inflater, R.layout.fragment_title, container, false)
  return binding.root
}

Add the fragment to the activity layout.

<fragment
   android:id="@+id/titleFragment"
   android:name="com.example.android.navigation.TitleFragment"
   android:layout_width="match_parent"
   android:layout_height="match_parent" />

The navigation component simplifies many navigation tasks more importantly it does so in a consistent way helping developers follow android’s principles of navigation.

The first principle is that apps have a fixed starting destination which is the screen the user sees when they launch your app from the launcher. Apps that require login can have one of exceptions to this rule. This destination should also be the last screen the user sees when they return to the launcher after pressing the back button. (There’s always a starting place)
The second principle of navigation is the navigation state of your app should be represented with a last in first, out structure. It’s that back stack we talked about before. This navigation stack has the start destination at the bottom of the stack and the current destination at the top of the stack. Operations that change the navigation stack should always operate on the top of the navigation stack either by pushing a new destination on to the top of the stack or popping the top most destination off the stack. (You can always go back)
The third principle of navigation involves the way the user gets back to a previous destination. The UP button in the action bar and the system back button both work the same way when navigating within your apps task. The back button will also navigate out of your app and to other apps typically the launcher. correspondingly if the users at the start destination the UP button should not be shown. (Up goes back, mostly)

It’s important to have principles such as these implemented across a wide range of Android apps to provide a consistent and predictable experience for users.

Adding the Navigation Components to the Project:

In app/build.gradle file, add the dependencies for navigation fragment ktx and navigation UI ktx. You can see which version is the latest on this page on developer.android.com

dependencies {
   ...
   // Navigation
   implementation "androidx.navigation:navigation-fragment-ktx:$version_navigation"
   implementation "androidx.navigation:navigation-ui-ktx:$version_navigation"
}

Adding the Navigation Graph to the Project:

In the Project window, right-click on the res directory and select New > Android resource file. The New Resource dialog appears.

Select Navigation as the resource type, and give it the file name of navigation. Make sure it has no qualifiers. Select the navigation.xml file in the new navigation directory under res, and make sure the design tab is selected.
Replace the Title Fragment with the Navigation Host Fragment in the Activity Layout:

<fragment
    android:id="@+id/myNavHostFragment"
    android:name="androidx.navigation.fragment.NavHostFragment"
    android:layout_width="match_parent"
    android:layout_height="match_parent" />

Add app:navGraph pointing to the @navigation/navigation resource.

app:navGraph="@navigation/navigation"

Set defaultNavHost to ture.

app:defaultNavHost="true"

Adding Fragments to the Navigation Graph:

Within the navigation editor, click the add button. A list of fragments and activities will drop down. Add fragment_title first, as it is the start destination. (you’ll see that it will automatically be set as the Start Destination for the graph.) Next, add the fragment_game.

<navigation xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
   xmlns:app="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res-auto"
   xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
   android:id="@+id/nav_root"
   app:startDestination="@+id/titleFragment">
   <fragment
       android:id="@+id/titleFragment"
       android:name="com.example.android.navigation.TitleFragment"
       android:label="@string/android_trivia"
       tools:layout="@layout/fragment_title">
       <action
           android:id="@+id/action_titleFragment_to_gameFragment"
           app:destination="@id/gameFragment" />
   </fragment>
   <fragment
       android:id="@+id/gameFragment"
       android:name="com.example.android.navigation.GameFragment"
       android:label="@string/android_trivia"
       tools:layout="@layout/fragment_game">
   </fragment>
</navigation>

Note: android:label attribute is used for fragment title in action bar, while tools:layout is used for showing the fragment preview in navigation designer.

Connecting Fragments with an Action:

Begin by hovering over the titleFragment. You’ll see a circular connection point on the right side of the fragment view. Click on the connection point and drag it to gameFragment to add an Action that connects the two fragments.
Navigating when the Play Button is Hit:

Return to onCreateView in the TitleFragment Kotlin code. The binding class has been exposed, so you just call binding.playButton.setOnClickListener with a new anonymous function, otherwise known as a lambda. Inside our lambda, use view.findNavcontroller to get the navigation controller for our Navigation Host Fragment. Then, use the navController to navigate using the titleFragment to gameFragment action, by calling navigate(R.id.action_titleFragment_to_gameFragment).

binding.playButton.setOnClickListener {view: View ->
   Navigation.findNavController(view).navigate(R.id.action_titleFragment_to_gameFragment)
}

//The complete onClickListener with Navigation
binding.playButton.setOnClickListener { view: View ->
       view.findNavController().navigate(R.id.action_titleFragment_to_gameFragment)
}

Or, use Navigation to create the onClick listener

binding.playButton.setOnClickListener(
       Navigation.createNavigateOnClickListener(R.id.action_titleFragment_to_gameFragment))

Back Stack Manipulation

PopTo Inclusive: Pops off everything on the back stack, including the referenced fragment transaction.
PopTo Not-Inclusive: Pops off everything on the back stack until it finds the referenced fragment transaction.

From the navigation editor, select the action for navigating from the GameFragment to the GameOverFragment. Select PopTo GameFragment in the attributes pane with the inclusive flag to tell the Navigation component to pop fragments off of the fragment back stack until it finds the GameFragment, and then pop off the gameFragment transaction.

Adding Support for the Up Button

To add support for the up button, we first need to make sure our Activity has an ActionBar.

In MainActivity we’ll use the alternate method of finding the controller from the ID of our NavHostFragment using the KTX extension function.

val navController = this.findNavController(R.id.myNavHostFragment)

Then link the NavController to our ActionBar.

NavigationUI.setupActionBarWithNavController(this, navController)

Finally, we need to have the Activity handle the navigateUp action from our Activity. To do this we override onSupportNavigateUp, find the nav controller, and then we call navigateUp().

override fun onSupportNavigateUp(): Boolean {
   val navController = this.findNavController(R.id.myNavHostFragment)
   return navController.navigateUp()
}

Menus

title: String displayed in the menu.
onCreateOptionsMenu: Where you inflate your menu.
onOptionsItemSelected: Called when a menu item is selected.
setHasOptionsMenu: Tells Android that the Fragment has a menu.

Create new menu resource.

Right click on the res folder within the Android project and select New Resource File. We’ll call this one overflow_menu, with resource type of Menu. Click on the overflow_menu within the menu directory, to view our new (empty) menu.
Create “About” menu item with ID of aboutFragment destination.

Drag a menu item from the palette into the component tree. Move to the attributes pane. Set the new item’s id to aboutFragment, its destination. That’s the id you used when adding the About fragment to the navigation graph. For title, we can use @string/about. The rest of the attributes should be left as their defaults.
Call setHasOptionsMenu() in onCreateView of TitleFragment:

override fun onCreateView(inflater: LayoutInflater, container: ViewGroup?,
                        savedInstanceState: Bundle?): View? {
    ...
    setHasOptionsMenu(true)
    return binding.root
}

Override onCreateOptionsMenu and inflate menu resource:

override fun onCreateOptionsMenu(menu: Menu, inflater: MenuInflater) {
    super.onCreateOptionsMenu(menu, inflater)
    inflater.inflate(R.menu.overflow_menu, menu)
}

Override onOptionsItemSelected and call NavigationUI.onNavDestinationSelected:

override fun onOptionsItemSelected(item: MenuItem): Boolean {
    return NavigationUI.onNavDestinationSelected(
        item, view!!.findNavController()
    )
            || super.onOptionsItemSelected(item)
}

Note: || super.onOptionsItemSelected(item) statement allows the app to handle regular menu actions that doesn’t involve navigation.

Safe Arguments

Safeargs is a Gradle plugin which generates simple object and builder classes for type-safe access to arguments specified for destinations and actions. It’s built on top of the Bundle approach and requires little more code for type safety.

What are advantages we get from using safe arguments?

We get type safety, as navigation generates the action and the argument class from the navigation graph.
We get argument enforcement, as non-default arguments are required parameters in the action.

Adding Safe Arguments

In project build.gradle add the classpath for the navigation-safe-args-gradle-plugin.

classpath "androidx.navigation:navigation-safe-args-gradle-plugin:$version_navigation"

In app/build.gradle at the top and after all of the other plugins, add the apply plugin statement with the androidx navigation safeargs plugin.

// Adding the apply plugin statement for safeargs
apply plugin: 'kotlin-kapt'
apply plugin: 'androidx.navigation.safeargs'

Switch the Fragment to use generated NavDirections when navigating to the other fragments.

// Using directions to navigate to the GameWonFragment
// view.findNavController().navigate(R.id.action_gameFragment_to_gameWonFragment)
   view.findNavController().navigate(GameFragmentDirections.actionGameFragmentToGameWonFragment())

Add the Arguments using the navigation editor.

Go to the navigation editor and select the GameWon fragment. Click the little triangle next to arguments to expand the argument section. Add a numQuestions and a numCorrect argument, both with integer type.

<fragment
    android:id="@+id/gameFragment"
    android:name="me.yshalsager.tictactoe.GameFragment"
    android:label="@string/app_name"
    tools:layout="@layout/fragment_game">
    <action
        android:id="@+id/action_gameFragment_to_winFragment"
        app:destination="@id/winFragment" />
    <argument
        android:name="winner"
        app:argType="integer" />
</fragment>

Note: To add ArrayList to arguments you can use app:argType="string[]" as fragment argument type.

Add the parameters from the first Fragment to second Fragment action.

// Adding the parameters to the Action
view.findNavController().navigate(GameFragmentDirections.actionGameFragmentToGameWonFragment(numQuestions, questionIndex))

Fetch the args and expand into a class in onCreate within the second Fragment.

val args = GameWonFragmentArgs.fromBundle(arguments!!)

Display the arguments using a Toast.

Toast.makeText(context, "NumCorrect: ${args.numCorrect}, NumQuestions: ${args.numQuestions}", Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show()

Intent

An Intent is an “intention” to perform an action; a messaging object you can use to request an action from another app component, it has two types:

Explicit Intents: Launches an Activity based upon its class name. It’s used to call a specific component. When you know which component you want to launch and you do not want to give the user free control over which component to use.
Implicit Intents: Launches an Activity based upon parameters, such as action (The type of thing that the app wants to have done on its behalf), data, and data type (MIME). It’s used when you have an idea of what you want to do, but you do not know which component should be launched. Or if you want to give the user an option to choose between a list of components to use.

Create new menu resource, which has icon, title and showAsAction attribute.

<menu xmlns:app="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res-auto"
   xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android">
   <item
       android:id="@+id/share"
       android:enabled="true"
       android:icon="@drawable/share"
       android:title="@string/share"
       android:visible="true"
       app:showAsAction="ifRoom" />
</menu>

Add setHasOptionsMenu(true) to onCreateView()in our the Fragment.

// Declaring that our Fragment has a Menu
setHasOptionsMenu(true)

Create a getShareIntent method. Get the args and build the shareIntent inside.

private fun getShareIntent(): Intent {
   val args = GameWonFragmentArgs.fromBundle(arguments!!)
   val shareIntent = Intent(Intent.ACTION_SEND)
   shareIntent.setType("text/plain").putExtra(
       Intent.EXTRA_TEXT,
       getString(R.string.share_success_text, args.numCorrect, args.numQuestions)
   )
   return shareIntent
}

Or even better, using IntentBuilder

private fun getShareIntent(): Intent {
   val args = GameWonFragmentArgs.fromBundle(arguments!!)
   return ShareCompat.IntentBuilder.from(requireActivity())
       .setText(getString(R.string.share_success_text, args.numCorrect, args.numQuestions)).setType("text/plain")
       .intent
}

Create a shareSuccess method that starts the activity from the share Intent.

// Starting an Activity with our new Intent
private fun shareSuccess() {
    startActivity(getShareIntent())
}

Override onCreateOptionsMenu and inflate the menu xml.

override fun onCreateOptionsMenu(menu: Menu, inflater: MenuInflater) {
    super.onCreateOptionsMenu(menu, inflater)
    inflater.inflate(R.menu.winner_menu, menu)
}

Override onOptionsIemSelected to link the menu to the shareSuccess action.

// Sharing from the Menu
override fun onOptionsItemSelected(item: MenuItem): Boolean {
    when (item.itemId) {
        R.id.share -> shareSuccess()
    }
    return super.onOptionsItemSelected(item)
}

Hide the sharing menu item if the sharing intent doesn’t resolve to an Activity.

Get the shareIntent using getShareIntent() and call resolveActivity using the packageManger to make sure our shareIntent resolves to an activity. If the result equals null, which means that it doesn’t resolve, we find our sharing menu item from the inflated menu and set its visibility to false.

// Showing the Share Menu Item Dynamically
override fun onCreateOptionsMenu(menu: Menu, inflater: MenuInflater) {
    super.onCreateOptionsMenu(menu, inflater)
    inflater.inflate(R.menu.winner_menu, menu)
    // check if the activity resolves
    if (null == getShareIntent().resolveActivity(activity!!.packageManager)) {
      // hide the menu item if it doesn't resolve
      menu.findItem(R.id.share)?.isVisible = false
    }
}

Alternative: You can just catch the exception and show a toast.

try {
    startActivity(shareIntent)
    } catch (ex: ActivityNotFoundException) {
    Toast.makeText(this, getString(R.string.sharing_not_available),
           Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show()
}

Add Material Design to app/build.gradle.

implementation "com.google.android.material:material:$version_material"

Add the RulesFragment to the navigation graph.

Go to the navigation editor and click the “add” button. Add the rules fragment.
Create the navDrawer menu with the rulesFragment and aboutFragment menu items.

Create the navdrawer_menu. Add two menu items by dragging menu items into the component tree. The first item should have the id of the RulesFragment, the rules string and drawable. The second item should have the ID of the AboutFragment, the about string and the android drawable.
Add the DrawerLayout into the activity_main layout containing the LinearLayout and navHostFragment.

<layout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
xmlns:app="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res-auto">
 
<androidx.drawerlayout.widget.DrawerLayout
  android:id="@+id/drawerLayout"
  android:layout_width="match_parent"
  android:layout_height="match_parent"
>

Add the NavigationView at the bottom of the the DrawerLayout.

<com.google.android.material.navigation.NavigationView
  android:id="@+id/navView"
  android:layout_width="wrap_content"
  android:layout_height="match_parent"
  android:layout_gravity="start"
  app:menu="@menu/navdrawer_menu" />

In MainActivity and add private lateinit vars for drawerLayout and appBarConfiguration.

private lateinit var drawerLayout: DrawerLayout
private lateinit var appBarConfiguration: AppBarConfiguration

Initialize the drawerLayout from the binding variable.

val binding = DataBindingUtil.setContentView<ActivityMainBinding>(this, R.layout.activity_main)
// Initialize drawerLayout var from binding
drawerLayout = binding.drawerLayout

Add the DrawerLayout as the third parameter to setupActionBarWithNavController.

// Add the DrawerLayout as the second parameter to setupActionBarWithNavController
// NavigationUI.setupActionBarWithNavController(this, navController)
NavigationUI.setupActionBarWithNavController(this, navController, drawerLayout)

Create an appBarConfiguration with the navController.graph and drawerLayout.

appBarConfiguration = AppBarConfiguration(navController.graph, drawerLayout)

Hook up the navigation UI up to the navigation view.

NavigationUI.setupWithNavController(binding.navView, navController)

In onSupportNavigateUp, replace navController.navigateUp with NavigationUI.navigateUp with appBarConfiguration as parameter.

override fun onSupportNavigateUp(): Boolean {
   val navController = this.findNavController(R.id.myNavHostFragment)
   // Replace navController.navigateUp with NavigationUI.navigateUp with drawerLayout param
   // return navController.navigateUp()
   return NavigationUI.navigateUp(navController, appBarConfiguration)
}

To make the navigation header looks better, in the NavigationView at the bottom of the DrawerLayout within the main activity layout file, add the nav header as the headerLayout.

app:headerLayout="@layout/nav_header"

How to Navigate

App Drawer navigation: Defaults to popping everything off the backstack except for the start destination.
DrawerLayout: Provides the foundation for the sliding behavior of the navigation drawer.
Menu navigation: Adds to the backstack from the current position.
NavigationView: Material Design container that provides the look, feel, and functionality of the Navigation Drawer.

Navigation listeners are interfaces that contains a single method that gets called every time we navigate.
The allow us to react and do something during navigation, or in our case block the draw from coming out after navigating away from the start destination.
Using navigation listener within onCreate to get called whenever the destination changes.

To prevent the drawer from being swiped anywhere other than the startDestination, call addOnDestinationChangedListener with a lambda that sets the DrawerLockMode depending on what destination we’re navigating to. When the id of our NavDestination matches the startDestination of our graph, we’ll unlock the drawerLayout; otherwise, we’ll lock and close the drawerLayout.

// prevent nav gesture if not on start destination
navController.addOnDestinationChangedListener { nc: NavController, nd: NavDestination, args: Bundle? ->
   if (nd.id == nc.graph.startDestination) {
       drawerLayout.setDrawerLockMode(DrawerLayout.LOCK_MODE_UNLOCKED)
   } else {
       drawerLayout.setDrawerLockMode(DrawerLayout.LOCK_MODE_LOCKED_CLOSED)
   }
}

One more cool thing that we can do with navigation is to apply animated transitions. A restrained and artful use of these transitions can not only make application stand out from the crowbut can help the user understand the flow of the application.
These transitions are controlled by XML animation resources. There are several different kinds of animations in Android but for now we’re going to focus on view animations which describe a transformation of a single view or view group such as the view group contained by our fragment.
We’re going to cover alpha animations and translation animations in this lesson, but the framework also includes rotation and scale animations. The framework includes predefined animation resources and the navigation component also includes some default animations, but it’s fun to create our own.

Alpha Animations

Alpha describes how transparent something is. At 0% alpha the view would be invisible, while at 100% alpha the view would be opaque.

Translate Animations

Translate animations can use twice the information as alpha animations because we control the change in X and the change in Y.
Changes in X and y are in percent offset.
Where 100% X is off-screen right and negative 100% X is off-screen left, while 0% is not offset.
Changing the Y from negative 100% to 0% will slide the fragment in from off-screen top, while changing the Y from 100% to 0% will slide the fragment in from off-screen bottom.

Animation Attributes

Enter Transition: Played for the destination to be navigated to when it is entered.
Exit Transition: Played for the destination to be navigated to when another destination replaces the current one.
Pop Enter Transition: Played when the destination is returned to view from the back stack.
Pop Exit Transition: Played when the current destination is popped off the back stack.

Creating Animations

To create fade in animation resource right click on the anim folder with New→Animation resource file and name it fade_in.
When we open the newly created fade_in.xml file, it will contain an empty animation set:

<set xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android">
</set>

We need to add an alpha animation in there, going from 0 to 1 (fading in) and taking the medium animation time. We do that by setting fromAlpha to 0, toAlpha to 1, and the duration to @android:integer/config_mediumAnimTime.

<!-- Fade In Animation -->
<set xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android">
 <alpha
     android:duration="@android:integer/config_mediumAnimTime"
     android:fromAlpha="0.0"
     android:toAlpha="1.0" />
</set>

To create slide in left animation resource we need to do the same thing for the slide_in_left animation. We start by creating the file, and get an empty animation set. We then need to add a translate animation in there, going from -100% off screen in the X axis to 0% offscreen in the X axis. Let’s do this one with a short duration. For the Y axis, we’ll be at 0 (onscreen) at the start and end of the animation.

<set xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android">
 <translate
     android:fromXDelta="-100%"
     android:toXDelta="0%"
     android:fromYDelta="0%"
     android:toYDelta="0%"
     android:duration="@android:integer/config_shortAnimTime" />
</set>

Adding transitions to actions

Our first action connects the TitleFragment to the GameFragment. We’ll have it slide in from the left and out to the right when entering and exiting, and have it slide in from the right and out to the left when pop entering and pop exiting. Edit them from Design editor.

Repeat the same set of animations for the game fragment to the game won fragment, from the gameWonFragment to the gameFragment, and from the gameOverFragment to the gameFragment. For the transition to the gameOverFragment, we’ll fade in and out instead.

Summary

Create a fragment

A Fragment is a modular section of an activity.
A Fragment has its own lifecycle and receives its own input events.
Use the <fragment> tag to define the layout for the Fragment in the XML layout file.
Inflate the layout for a Fragment in onCreateView().
You can add or remove a Fragment while the activity is running.

Navigation components

To use the Android navigation library, you need to do some setup:

Add dependencies for navigation-fragment-ktx and navigation-ui-ktx in the module-level build.gradle file.
Add an ext variable for the navigationVersion in the project-level build.gradle file.

Navigation destinations are fragments, activities, or other app components that the user navigates to. A navigation graph defines the possible paths from one navigation destination to the next.

To create a navigation graph, create a new Android resource file of type Navigation. This file defines the navigation flow through the app. The file is in the res/navigation folder, and it’s typically called navigation.xml.
To see the navigation graph in the Navigation Editor, open the navigation.xml file and click the Design tab.
Use the Navigation Editor to add destinations such as fragments to the navigation graph.
To define the path from one destination to another, use the Navigation Graph to create an action that connects the destinations. In the navigation.xml file, each of these connections is represented as an action that has an ID.

A navigation host Fragment, usually named NavHostFragment, acts as a host for the fragments in the navigation graph:

As the user moves between destinations defined in the navigation graph, the NavHostFragment swaps the fragments in and out and manages the Fragment back stack.
In the activity_main.xml layout file, the NavHostFragment is represented by a fragment element with the name android:name="androidx.navigation.fragment.NavHostFragment".

To define which Fragment is displayed when the user taps a view (for example a button), set the onClick listener for the view:

In the onClick listener, call findNavController().navigate() on the view.
Specify the ID of the action that leads to the destination.

Conditional navigation navigates to one screen in one case, and to a different screen in another case. To create conditional navigation:

Use the Navigation Editor to create a connection from the starting Fragment to each of the possible destination fragments.
Give each connection a unique ID.
In the click-listener method for the View, add code to detect the conditions. Then call findNavController().navigate() on the view, passing in the ID for the appropriate action.

The Back button

The system’s Back button is usually at the bottom of the device. By default, the Back button navigates the user back to the screen they viewed most recently. In some situations, you can control where the Back button takes the user:

In the Navigation Editor, you can use the Attributes pane to change an action’s popUpTo setting. This setting removes destinations from the back stack, which has the effect of determining where the Back button takes the user.
The popUpTo setting appears as the popUpTo attribute in the navigation.xml file.

Selecting the popUpToInclusive checkbox sets the popUpToInclusive attribute to true. All destinations up to and including this destination are removed from the back stack.
If an action’s popUpTo attribute is set to the app’s starting destination and popUpToInclusive is set to true, the Back button takes the user all the way out of the app.

The Up button

Screens in an Android app can have an on-screen Up button that appears at the top left of the app bar. (The app bar is sometimes called the action bar.) The Up button navigates “upwards” within the app’s screens, based on the hierarchical relationships between screens.

The navigation controller’s NavigationUI library integrates with the app bar to allow the user to tap the Up button on the app bar to get back to the app’s home screen from anywhere in the app.

To link the navigation controller to the app bar:

In onCreate(), call setupActionBarWithNavController() on the NavigationUI class, passing in the navigation controller:

val navController = this.findNavController(R.id.myNavHostFragment)
NavigationUI.setupActionBarWithNavController(this,navController)

Override the onSupportNavigateUp() method to call navigateUp() in the navigation controller:

override fun onSupportNavigateUp(): Boolean {
        val navController = this.findNavController(R.id.myNavHostFragment)
        return navController.navigateUp()
    }
}

The options menu

The options menu is a menu that the user accesses from the app bar by tapping the icon with the three vertical dots . To create an options menu with a menu item that displays a Fragment, make sure the Fragment has an ID. Then define the options menu and code the onOptionsItemSelected() handler for the menu items.

Make sure the Fragment has an ID:

Add the destination Fragment to the navigation graph and note the ID of the Fragment. (You can change the ID if you like.)

Define the options menu:

Create an Android resource file of type Menu, typically named options_menu.xml. The file is stored in the Res > Menu folder.
Open the options_menu.xml file in the design editor and drag a Menu Item widget from the Palette pane to the menu.
For convenience, make the ID of the menu item the same as the ID of the Fragment to display when the user clicks this menu item. This step is not required, but it makes it easier to code the onClick behavior for the menu item.

Code the onClick handler for the menu item:

In the Fragment or Activity that displays the options menu, in onCreateView(), call setHasOptionsMenu(true) to enable the options menu.
Implement onCreateOptionsMenu() to inflate the options menu:

override fun onCreateOptionsMenu(menu: Menu, inflater: MenuInflater) {
        super.onCreateOptionsMenu(menu, inflater)
        inflater.inflate(R.menu.options_menu, menu)
}

Override the onOptionsItemSelected() method to take the appropriate action when the menu item is clicked. The following code displays the Fragment that has the same ID as the menu item. (This code only works if the menu item and the Fragment have identical ID values.)

override fun onOptionsItemSelected(item: MenuItem): Boolean {
     return NavigationUI.
            onNavDestinationSelected(item,requireView().findNavController())
            || super.onOptionsItemSelected(item)
}

The navigation drawer

The navigation drawer is a panel that slides out from the edge of the screen. There are two ways for the user to open the navigation drawer:

Swipe from the starting edge (usually the left) on any screen.
Use the drawer button (three lines) on the app bar at the top of the app.

To add a navigation drawer to your app:

Add dependencies to build.gradle (app).
Make sure each destination Fragment has an ID.
Create the menu for the drawer.
Add the drawer to the layout for the Fragment.
Connect the drawer to the navigation controller.
Set up the drawer button in the app bar.

These steps are explained in more detail below.

Add dependencies to build.gradle:

The navigation drawer is part of the Material Components for Android library. Add the Material library to the build.gradle (app) file:

dependencies {
    ...
    implementation "com.google.android.material:material:$supportlibVersion"
    ...
}

Give each destination Fragment an ID:

If a Fragment is reachable from the navigation drawer, open it in the navigation graph to make sure that it has an ID.

Create the menu for the drawer:

Create an Android resource file of type Menu (typically called navdrawer_menu) for a navigation drawer menu. This creates a new navdrawer_menu.xml file in the Res > Menu folder.
In the design editor, add Menu Item widgets to the Menu.

Add the drawer to the layout for the Fragment:

In the layout that contains the navigation host Fragment (which is typically the main layout), use <androidx.drawerlayout.widget.DrawerLayout> as the root view.
Add a <com.google.android.material.navigation.NavigationView> view to the layout.

Connect the drawer to the navigation controller:

Open the Activity that creates the navigation controller. (The main Activity is typically the one you want here.) In onCreate(), use NavigationUI.setupWithNavController()to connect the navigation drawer with the navigation controller:

val binding = DataBindingUtil.setContentView<ActivityMainBinding>(
       this, R.layout.activity_main)
NavigationUI.setupWithNavController(binding.navView, navController)

Set up the drawer button in the app bar:

In onCreate() in the Activity that creates the navigation controller (which is typically the main Activity), pass the drawer layout as the third parameter to NavigationUI.setupActionBarWithNavController:

val binding = DataBindingUtil.setContentView<ActivityMainBinding>(
    this, R.layout.activity_main)
 
NavigationUI.setupActionBarWithNavController(
    this, navController, binding.drawerLayout)

To make the Up button work with the drawer button, edit onSupportNavigateUp() to return NavigationUI.navigateUp(). Pass the navigation controller and the drawer layout to navigateUp().

override fun onSupportNavigateUp(): Boolean {
   val navController = this.findNavController(R.id.myNavHostFragment)
   return NavigationUI.navigateUp(navController, drawerLayout)
}

Start an external Activity

Safe Args:

To help catch errors caused by missing keys or mismatched types when you pass data from one Fragment to another, use a Gradle plugin called Safe Args.
For each Fragment in your app, the Safe Args plugin generates a corresponding NavDirection class. You add the NavDirection class to the Fragment code, then use the class to pass arguments between the Fragment and other fragments.
The NavDirection classes represent navigation from all the app’s actions.

Implicit intents:

An implicit intent declares an action that your app wants some other app (such as a camera app or email app) to perform on its behalf.
If several Android apps could handle an implicit intent, Android shows the user a chooser. For example, when the user taps the share icon in the AndroidTrivia app, the user can select which app they want to use to share their game results.
To build an intent, you declare an action to perform, for example ACTION_SEND.
Several Intent() constructors are available to help you build intents.

Sharing functionality:

In the case of sharing your success with your friends, the Intent action would be Intent.ACTION_SEND.
To add an options menu to a Fragment, set the setHasOptionsMenu() method to true in the Fragment code.
In the Fragment code, override the onCreateOptionsMenu() method to inflate the menu.
Override the onOptionsItemSelected() to use startActivity() to send the Intent to other apps that can handle it.

When the user taps the menu item, the intent is fired, and the user sees a chooser for the SEND action.

حديقة يُوسُف الرقمية | yshalsager's Digital Garden

المستعرض

Lesson 03 - App Navigation